What is migraine? Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

A migraine is a neurological condition characterized by intense, recurrent headaches often accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, sensitivity to light, and sound. Migraines can vary in intensity and duration, ranging from a few hours to several days. They are more common in women and can significantly impact daily activities.

Causes of Migraine

The exact cause of migraines is not fully understood, but they are believed to result from abnormal brain activity that affects nerve signals, chemicals, and blood vessels. Common triggers and contributing factors include:

1. Genetic Predisposition: A family history of migraines increases the likelihood of experiencing them.
2. Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in estrogen levels, such as during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, can trigger migraines in women.
3. Stress: Emotional or physical stress can lead to migraines.
4. Dietary Factors: Certain foods and drinks, like caffeine, alcohol, aged cheese, processed foods, or food additives (e.g., MSG), can act as triggers.
5. Sleep Disturbances: Lack of sleep, oversleeping, or irregular sleep patterns may contribute.
6. Environmental Triggers: Bright lights, loud noises, strong smells, or weather changes can provoke migraines.
7. Medications: Certain medications, including hormonal contraceptives or vasodilators, may trigger migraines.

Symptoms of Migraine

Migraines often progress through four stages, though not everyone experiences all stages:

Prodrome (Pre-Headache Stage):

• Mood changes (e.g., irritability, depression, or euphoria).
• Food cravings.
• Fatigue or increased energy.
• Stiff neck.

Aura (Occurs in Some Migraines):

• Visual disturbances (e.g., flashing lights, blind spots, or zigzag patterns).
• Tingling or numbness in the face or limbs.
• Speech or language difficulties.

Attack (Headache Phase):

• Severe, throbbing pain, usually on one side of the head (but can occur on both).
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Sensitivity to light, sound, or smells.
• Difficulty concentrating.

Postdrome (Aftermath):

• Fatigue or exhaustion.
• Confusion or difficulty focusing.
• Mood changes, often feeling "washed out."